The Causes Of Prison Overcrowding Criminology Essay

The Causes Of Prison Overcrowding Criminology Essay In this research report i have explained the causes of prison overcrowding and how to deal with them and what are the solution and reduction plan for prison over crowding. The health and safety issues of inmates, offenders as well as the general public. INTRODUCTION Correctional Institution is a prison which means a place where the criminals are bieng kept in a limited and ristricted way. They are kept in a place where there is no freedom and there are different crime levels. Crime levels depends on what type of crime he or she has done and then they are transferred in a suitable place that is where do they deserve to spend there time in the prison, and are they in a condition to spend there time in a good way or in a restricted way that includes the facilities given by the Institutes. The facilities are those which is decided already by the government.Correctional Institutions involves a criminal justice system which makes the offenders detained and help them to improve themselves by facilities given by the institutions. Each country has its own way to the criminal justice system and uses its own correctional facilities in different methods. These institutions have 3 types of facilities which includes Jails, Prisons and Juvenile detention. The facilities also include a seprate buliding for male and female prisoners.If we look behind in the history, the criminals were kept in the jail and keeping them in a jail was not a punishment in itself, but it was rather a way to put them in restriction and limited levels until they could get a death penalty. Dungeons was known as a prison before and those prisoners which were left behind to die were usually sent to do salvery in which the prisoners can become Galley Slaves or facing Penal Transportation. For example, It was reported in france that they sent the convicts to devilà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Island and the UK colonies in America (Penal Transportation , 2012) Causes of Prison Overcrowding Prison Overcrowding is causing due to the high rate of criminals and not taking care of it by using correct means and ways to reduce the crime rate. There are certain issues implemented by the government by which an individual can easily sentenced to prison by a harsher penality on simple offenses.There are some common needs of the citizens, to get those common needs the citizens in take a wrong way to fulfill the need because there is no other way to reach it, the thing they want is very difficult to be fulfilled so they implement or plan to do very offensive and dangerous techniques which can give harm to government as well as countrys value, so keeping in mind everything, country also should give some facilities to the citizen so they dont find a wrong way to do it. There are some situations on which government gets very easy and does not keeps security in some levels where there should be high security and that gives an open chance to the criminals.Bieng tough on crime is also not good because goverment usually find no other way to solve the problem so they give punishment at the end of the day. The government should never be soft on crimes and as well as too much aggressive. These both things definetely gives the government a positive expectation of crime so it is better to implement such rules that gives a balanced situation of crime level.One of the causes that includes overcrowding is that there is very less number of facilities given to all of the offenders for example: Some offenders are given the facility and most of them are shifted back to the prisons that is out of state which increases the number, that causes overcrowding in prison. The main facility which is not given to the offenders are the high security prison beds. A offender th at needs a high security should not be left on a place where there is almost no security and the population of offenders are increasing but the goverment is not implementing accurate facility to the institutes.There are some prisoners who have never done any crime but just because they have some personal incident happened in there life so the hospitals cant handle them they are also sent to prison staff just to get some punishment instead they need a care until and unless they are some special case in there health Health Issues Overall The Health issues of a human bieng includes everything which is related to him or her happening in everyday routine weather its a mental stress or physical stress, any kind of stress taking place in human bieng gives a result in which they would have some health issues end of the day. Inmates and Prison Staff When we have a look on inmates and prison staff with there health issues most of the prisoners have mental disabilities. As reported in 2005 half of all the prison and jail offenders have mental health problems and that includes the number of health problems find in a prison that is 705,600 in State Prisons, 78,800 in Federal Prisons and 479,900 in local jails. These figures were configured by a personal interview with the State and Federal prisoners in 2004 and local jail inmates in 2002 (Glaze, 14/12/2006) As my research for prison staff, there were also female prisoners having mental health problems which were at a risk of abuse and at worst stage of mental illness. The women who doesnt have any mental issues can develope it by the enviroment given from the institutes which are very poor in condition, overcrowded, no safety and security and staff which were having to attiquates to deal with the females. General Public Health issues rising in general public is usually due to mental depression or stress which makes the human bieng aggressive and hyper and that causes many wrong things. As to my research violence is the main reason of public health problems. It was reported that violence and health were rarely used together 30 years ago (Services, 2009). There were many diseases like yellow fever, poliomyelitis, typhus, diphtheria, and pertussis but the main leading diseases were Tuberculosis and pneumonia in 20th century. Nowadays the health issues taking place in public is homicide, suicide, cancer, heart diseases, stroke and AIDS. These all diseases are taking place because of loads of stress, depression, diet changing, way of living, less workout and bieng careless on personal lifestyle and hygiene. Solutions and Precautions taken to resolve the issue As we look on the conditions of prison staff because they are going through mental illness and health problems so the correctional institute should provide or implement a way which is very caring and problem solving that they can atleast have peace of mind and feel comfortable as compare to punish them or sending them out of state.There are places in prison where there is just a room and you have to stay there eating, drinking, sleeping and your bathroom services in the same place which can give more mental stress and more health problems because there would be no hygiene. There are very few correctional institutes which have good facilities for the prisoner but most of the institutes or jails have very inadequate services and doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t know how to deal with them. Keeping in my mind all these things a country should organize an institute which should have some levels and categories to deal with different type of prisoners keeping in mind some factors Medical, Psychological, environmental etc and approaching a treatment that is very medicated and cleaned with some good facilities provided. As it is very challenging to maintain a good correctional institute due to increase in large number of prisoners, lack of resources, poor organization and high rate of mental illness and facing them repeatedly. Correctional Institutes can be a educational centre also if they can be given a better prison to improve themselves doing many knowledgeable things given by the institute for example: painting, writing and playing in an open ground so that they could feel better and relaxed. These all things could be given to the prisoners who are in a balanced condition to deal with, by approaching this task the prisoners with low mental illness can come in a better s ituation. Qualified Doctors are very less to work for the prison staff so the prison administration should make sure if the experts are dealing with the prisoners they should deal in a good way. Now as we come across the general public Most of the issues are solved are free to improve their health because they are not always alone dealing with themselves but they would have someone taking care or usually they have a family supporting them by which they get lots of help and care they needed until and unless they are on a situation where there health issue is accessed to the dangerous stage and that includes only suffering from a disease . Steps taken to reduce prison overcrowding As we look behind the circumstances and causes of the prison overcrowding the general steps should be taken first and to be started after having the positive reply of the public. Long Term It should be done in a that the government should banns the drugs in the country and charge fine whoever is using it. This way that the criminals should keep many things in mind. If they approach a new concept of giving warnings, fines, alerts then there will be a way of less criminals and less crowd in the prison. Short Term There are many countries which have very high crime rate and less organized correctional institute. Putting the criminals in jail only if they have done a big robbery or theft and then they can be handover to high authorities. Reduction Plan To reduce recidivism there should be a rapid plan, We can do it by increasing public safety by making sure to achieve a low rate of criminal behavior. We can give a service to the offenders and criminals in the prison by giving them a good chance to move back to their place but with a good attitude and with a safe environment. The community health centers can play a big role in solving this problem and implementing new law and order. For further details on reduction plan we can follow the FDC plan that is (A.McNeil, 2009-2014) Conclusion I would like to conclude my research on overcrowding by the interview given by Glen Whorton, who is the director of Ely state prison followed by the link (Whaley, 2007)

Officer Class in Journeys End by RC Sheriff :: Journeys End Literature War Military Essays

Officer Class in Journey’s End During the World War many people found themselves in mid filled trenches eating rations and living with a host of creatures including rats, mice and many insects. There was however a group of people who did not sleep so rough, the officers, no matter what rank of officer you were you would sleep in a quarters with other officers and not with the men and you would have your own personal cook. Although the living conditions were not up to standards with even a one star hotel, they were easier to bear than what the soldiers had to. In this essay I will be talking about what you learn about the officers in the book â€Å"Journey’s End†. I will be discussing their hobbies and values. The officers shared the same kind of upbringing; all came from private schools and were highly educated. Raleigh and Stanhope both came from the same school and were friends outside school, often visiting one and others homes. Osborne and Trotter have been working in different jobs for a while before being drafted whereas Stanhope and Raleigh came straight from school into the officer’s life. Not much is known about trotter as he is not talked about much in the story but it is my assumption that he was also from a private school. Osborne and Trotter were both drafted as officers because of their professions; they are both regarded highly in society. Stanhope and Raleigh however were drafted as officers because of the professions of family members, Stanhope’s father is a vicar and Raleigh’s uncle is a senior officer, meaning he is most likely from a military background. In terms of age of the officers, Osborne is by far the most aged of the officers being called uncle says this quite clearly that they are mocking his age in a friendly manner. Though Osborne is older Stanhope is senior to him, many comments are made that Osborne should run the company but Osborne sticks up for the young commander. Although Stanhope is superior he values the opinion of his lower officers. It is clear from the conversations that they all enjoy sport, especially â€Å"Ruggers† or rugby as more commonly known. It shows that they are all abundant in physical strength and it shows that Stanhope has good leadership skills as he captained the cricket team in school. Osborne however trumps him by telling Raleigh how he capped for the England rugby team, but he swore Raleigh to secrecy so he may be lying about that. The officers are all fighting so that they can get back to their

Cardiovascular Physiology And Hypertension Health And Social Care Essay

High blood pressure is a major contributing hazard factor for cardiovascular diseases and decease responsible for more than any other biomedical hazard factors worldwide. [ 1 ] The hazard factors associated with high blood pressure include shot, coronary bosom disease, chronic bosom failure, chronic kidney disease and their patterned advance. [ 1 ] The hazards is a consequence of the structural harm to the bosom, which is holding to work harder as a pump to the demand of the organic structure, big and little blood vass and the variety meats they supply. [ 2 ] Approximately 29 % of the Australian population have high blood pressure. [ 2 ] There are many hazard factors that may hold attributed to high blood pressure. They include familial factors, household history, race, age, gender, lifestyle and presence of other diseases or unwellness. To accomplish a decrease in blood force per unit area and cardiovascular hazards, a lifestyle alteration that include regular exercising, weight los t, decrease in intoxicant consumption, surcease of smoke and eating healthier is recommended to patients enduring from high blood pressure. [ 2 ] In some instances, antihypertensive drugs are used in combination with lifestyle alterations to assist cut down blood force per unit area. This is due to the presence of blood force per unit area sensitive conditions such as shot, diabetes or chronic kidney disease. [ 1 ] High blood pressure is classified as holding an elevated force per unit area in the blood ‘s systolic and diastolic degree at remainder. [ 3 ] Therefore the blood force per unit area that is pumping in the arterial wall is higher than normal due to emphasize and tenseness that is applied to the arterias. The blood force per unit area would match with increasing the force per unit area doing the blood force per unit area addition every bit good. Hypertension is normally diagnosed one time blood systolic force per unit area is above 140mmHg and diastolic force per unit area greater than 90mmHg. For normal patients, blood force per unit area is about 120mmHg for systolic force per unit area and 80mmHg for diastolic force per unit area. [ 3 ] With high blood pressure, it could be classified as a soundless slayer as there are no symptoms associated with the disease. [ 4 ] So unless high blood pressure is terrible at that place would be no symptoms developing for diagnosing to be det ected at a glimpse. [ 3 ] High blood pressure can be classified into primary or indispensable and secondary high blood pressure. Primary high blood pressure is really common imputing to 85-95 % in most instances of high blood pressure. [ 3 ] Primary high blood pressure is a multifactorial disease where is no individual caused related to it. [ 4 ] Several factors may play a function and with the combined effects contributes to high blood pressure. These could be seen in the mosaic theory in Figure 2 below. As seen there are many factors that may assist lend to primary high blood pressure. Table 1. Categorization of the different phases of Hypertension. [ 1 ] Calciferol: School WorkYear 3 Sem 1CardioHypertensionComplex of BP.jpg Figure 1. Page ‘s Mosaic Theory of Hypertension. [ 3 ] Approximately 30 % of the instances of primary high blood pressure are attributed by familial factors. [ 4 ] The incidence of high blood pressure is greater in African Americans than that to Caucasians or Asians. [ 4 ] Persons who have one or two parents with high blood pressure, is twice more likely than the normal population to hold high blood pressure. [ 4 ] The bulk of primary high blood pressure patients have abnormalcy to their arterias, hence an increased opposition due to stiffness or miss of snap in the arterias is doing the elevated blood force per unit area. [ 4 ] As we age, the snap of the arterias is bit by bit lost and will go stiff. This is why the hazards of high blood pressure is greater in people who are 50 old ages or older. [ 4 ] The increased in opposition causes the bosom muscles to work harder to pump the blood through the blood vass, therefore the strain on the bosom lead to abnormalcies in the hypertrophied size of bosom musculuss on the left ventricle. [ 4 ] Secondary high blood pressure contributes 5 % to the overall instances of high blood pressure. [ 4 ] They are known every bit secondary as there is basically a specific upset in some peculiar organ or blood vas, such as the kidney, adrenal secretory organ or aortal arteria that is doing the lift in blood force per unit area. [ 4 ] Exercise is an act of the organic structure to exercise itself by physical motion which could include walking, running, swimming, or any sort of endurance and aerophilic preparation. It is recommended that single should undergo visible radiation to chair physical exercising at least one time every twenty-four hours for at least 30 to 45 proceedingss. [ 6 ] Physical exercising is a good manner to battle high blood pressure. It is implemented in patients with the prescribed antihypertensive drugs so that maybe the opportunity of decrease in blood force per unit area could cut down or get rid of the demand for antihypertensive drugs. [ 1 ] When the organic structure is undergoing mechanical work such as exercise, the shear or stretch force stimulated will originate the remodelling of the assorted tissues such as the cardiac and skeletal musculuss and blood vass. [ 7 ] Stretching of these musculuss is caused by the force per unit area overload which cause the bosom to undergo hypertrophy. [ 7 ] Therefore cardiomyocytes will spread out by adding sarcomeres in the skeletal musculuss which will increase the contractile force of the single cells. [ 7 ] Exercise is a good manner to advance remodelling of the bosom. [ 7 ] They can bring forth hypertrophy and distend the cardiomyocytes in the needful skeletal musculuss. The bosom will hold to pump harder to run into the O demand applied by the metabolic work. Therefore the emphasis caused on the bosom will take to hypertrophy. Normally the force per unit area overload increases the mechanical emphasis on myocardium which hypertrophy will seek to cut down this emphasis by incre asing the thickness of the ventricle wall. [ 7 ] But due to chronic high blood pressure the natural remodelling of the bosom may really take to bosom failure. The remodelling of the bosom caused by high blood pressure will ensue in left ventricular hypertrophy. Thickening of the left ventricular wall will happen due to emphasize initiated and cut down the chamber volume by the addition in growing of cardiomyocytes. [ 7 ] As new cardiomyocytes is generated, old 1s are besides triggered for programmed cell death and may take to fibrosis. Therefore this will take to an addition in the volume of the bosom Chamberss which is seen in the increased thickness of the wall and will diminish the contractile force map. The fibrosis caused by high blood pressure reduces the organisation in bosom musculus and increase the stiffness of the myocardium which reduces the filling of the bosom during diastole. [ 7 ] Therefore the stiffening and loss of contractility is an inauspicious consequence of ex erting in chronic hypertensive patients. Peripheral opposition is besides reduced during exercising. This is caused by the vasoconstriction in some countries of the organic structure that may non be in usage such as the intestine and visceral parts and diverts the blood off from these countries. [ 8 ] Contracting musculuss will do vasodilatation to distend the arteriolas in these musculuss and lessening entire peripheral opposition and allows the bosom to pump more blood. So exercising will do the entire peripheral opposition to cut down and allows the bosom to pump more blood to provide the O demand. Even though entire peripheral opposition is reduced, exercising will somewhat increase the arterial force per unit area. This is caused by the demand of cardiac end product in the catching musculuss. The demand is still needed to these countries so no count how much vasodilatation is happening to cut down the entire peripheral opposition, cardiac end product is still needed to pump blood to needed countries. This will do the arterial force per unit area to increase in exercising as the demand in undertaking musculuss increases with the strength of the exercising. [ 8 ] The bosom is able to provide a stable flow of blood to the organic structure but under utmost and demand addition in metabolic work, the bosom is able to increase its shot volume and consequence in the addition of the volume of the ventricles. [ 8 ] In exercising since the musculuss is being made to work excess hard, it will heighten the venous return which will do an addition in stroke volume. As exercising is continued the bosom rate will besides be increasing which will ensue in addition of cardiac end product due to oxygen demand in the active musculuss during exercising. [ 8 ] Lifestyle alterations are recommended for all patients with high blood pressure regardless of drugs being taken. Changes made in life style are to accomplish a decrease in blood force per unit area in patients. These alterations could include decrease in Na consumption, increasing healthy feeding wonts and nutritionary consumption, a diet consisting of low saturated fat content, keeping a healthy weight scope, surcease of smoke, cut down intoxicant ingestion and most of all, at least some signifier of physical activity. Salt contains Na and chloride which helps to keep the right volume of blood and tissue fluids in the organic structure. Kidneies are the chief regulators of Na degrees in the organic structure. Therefore sodium consumption will play a function in the fluid keeping as the concentration of sodium addition will increase H2O loss in the organic structure and increase the blood force per unit area degrees. The extent of decrease is dependent on your age and blood force per unit area. Sodium decrease may non take down blood force per unit area in younger people with low or normal blood force per unit area. [ 5 ] A individual ‘s weight is by and large associated with their cholesterin degree. Peoples who are fleshy tend to hold high cholesterin and elevated blood force per unit area. Low-density lipoproteins ( LDLs ) are able to traverse the endothelial bed and enter the bomber endothelial infinite. Therefore the rate of entry of LDLs into the arterial wall is increased and do accretion in the blood vass. LDLs are modified and promote macrophage to the countries. However, macrophage has receptors that recognize the LDLs and are able to roll up in the macrophage and are converted to froth cells. These cells are the causes of coronary artery disease. Foam cells are able to show growing factors and proteases that lead to cell proliferation and matrix being degraded which will take to tear of the atherosclerotic pestilence. [ 9 ] Figure 2. The formation of froth cells via macrophage oxidizing LDLs. [ 9 ] Cigarettes smoke contain many chemicals including nicotine and C monoxide. [ 5 ] Smoking causes a build-up of plaques which may take to damage in the interior bed of the arterias making a coronary thrombosis. It besides contributes to the development and acceleration of coronary artery disease. Therefore cholesterin is able to come in the arteria walls more quickly and would do blood coagulum to happen in the arterias. [ 5 ] This will take to bosom onslaughts as the entire peripheral opposition is increased with coronary artery disease and obstruction of blood vass in the arterias. Alcohol ingestion should besides be reduced as it affects the pituitary secretory organ in stamp downing the production of anti-diuretics endocrine. This will do failure in the kidneys to resorb equal sum of H2O and lead to desiccation of the organic structure. This will do lift in blood force per unit area. [ 10 ] In a survey â€Å" Beneficial effects of physical exercising on high blood pressure and cardiovascular inauspicious remodeling of diet-induced corpulent rats † it is found that the exercising corpulent rats had a major decrease after 4 hebdomads of exerting holding a difference of 25 % lessening at the terminal of the experiment. [ 11 ] The corpulent rats showed cardiomyocyte hypertrophy which is reduced after exerting. Exercise had besides eased the loss of left ventricular cardiomyocytes. The wall thickness of the aorta and common carotid arterias was significantly smaller in exercised corpulent rats than the sedentary obese rats which lead to improved peripheral opposition arterias of the corpulent rats. [ 11 ] In another survey â€Å" The good consequence of regular endurance exercising preparation on blood force per unit area and quality of life in patients with high blood pressure † shows the important of exerting in the decrease of blood force per unit area. The survey shows that by exerting you can cut down systolic blood force per unit area by 13.1mmHg and diastolic blood force per unit area by 6.3mmHg. [ 12 ] There is clear and evidentiary information sing the decrease of blood force per unit area in mild to chair high blood pressure patients but the conflicting issues arises with patients who are in the class 3 phase of high blood pressure ( SBP & gt ; 180mmHg, DBP & gt ; 110mmHg ) known as chronic high blood pressure. Many surveies have proven that by exerting a decrease in blood force per unit area is the consequence. Exercising will originate hypertrophy to heighten the capacity of the bosom to pump to run into the O demand of the organic structure. In this phenomenon the bosom is able to of course cut down the emphasis by increasing the thickness of the ventricle wall. From the survey on the induced corpulent rats, the wall thickness of the aorta and carotid arterias were smaller in the exercised corpulent rats. For patients with chronic high blood pressure, exercising is non recommended as this may originate hypertrophy and may do bosom failure in the patient. As blood force per uni t area is well high in chronic patients, the lift in blood force per unit area with exercising may do the bosom to neglect and the O demand will non be met. Therefore the demand for antihypertensive drug is introduced with these patients alternatively. Drugs that could be used include water pills, I?-Blockers, Ca2+ Channel Blockers, ACE Inhibitors, Angiotensin II receptor adversary and I ±-adrenoceptor adversary. Exercise is proven to cut down blood force per unit area in hypertensive patients by undergoing hypertrophy which produces cardiovascular versions that will increase work capacity, endurance and vascular map. It can besides increase the strength of musculuss and cut down cardiovascular hazards. The instance surveies have statistically showed the significance of decrease in blood force per unit area by cardiac remodelling of the bosom. Patients with grade 3 high blood pressure will necessitate to be treated with antihypertensive drugs every bit good as undergoing visible radiation exercisings. For the effectual decrease in blood force per unit area, all patients are recommended to alter their life style and include exercising as portion of their day-to-day modus operandi.

What Model Of Market Structure - 1455 Words

Business in any city are challenging commodities that produce gain for the population. This city growth is well developed and incumbent by the market structure it abide by. The wisdom of crowds is based on the assumption that valuable knowledge in social systems frequently exists only as dispersed opinions, and that aggregating dispersed information in the right way can produce accurate predictions. A prediction market provides a vivid illustration of the power of the wisdom of crowds. (Qiu, L., Rui, H., Whinston, A. B., 2014) This outline will break down the various market structures and will clarify all questions pertaining to the business in the city. The business will have to determine what model of market structure they will decide†¦show more content†¦These business sell the most by the demand of the consumer, this allows the easiest profit for a short run. Oligopoly means that an industry is dominated by a small number of sellers with market power. They can limit and discount competition. A good example are the cell phone companies such as Verizon or Sprint. They are their own competition and the government only regulates them but does not intervene with their sales practices. Monopoly markets used to be the way of the past. Companies had only one provider who offers a good or a service. Monopolies have no one to compete against nor did it allow others to get in the competition race with its product. As a monopoly the company can set price, and who to sell it to. It does not allow others to emulate what it sells. The monopolies don’t have competitors so they mostly maintain their customers. The National Football League is somewhat an example. They have exclusive rights to sell goods, they have no competition and most of the products sold are solemnly offered by or through them. If any other business uses their logo they must pay a fee. There is an Army base in Fort Lee Virginia. Although it is believed to belong to the U.S government, the agencies departments and firms that well work within it are structured as markets which provide for the city. It belong to a monopoly but it can also be considered to operate as an oligopoly. Some of the departments available are the AFFS Exchange, The military clothing and sales,